The term last-mile delivery refers to the final leg of a business-to-customer service, in which products are shipped from a depot to a destination point bymeans of land transportation, such as vans and small trucks. Although these vehicles provide a common and easy way to consign products, companies …

The two-dimensional vehicle routing problem (2L-VRP) is a realistic extension of the classical vehicle routing problem where customers’ demands are composed by sets of non-stackable items. Examples of such problems can be found in many real-life applications, e.g. furniture or industrial machinery transportation. …