The chapter examines the relevance and applicability of deterrence to violent non-state actors (VNSAs). VNSAs have become important players in the international system. Traditional deterrence theory and practice has limited utility against VNSAs due to their different characteristics to those of states …

Commonly used game and decision theoretic models fail to explain the empirics of deterrence. This has unjustly led many theorists to criticize the (rationality and other) assumptions underpinning of such models. No serious game theorist will contend that his theoretic model will possibly take account …

Shared leadership is viewed as an effective form of management to deal with increased complexity in youth team sport. However two gaps exist: ‘lack of literature concerning leadership development in youth’ and ‘the paucity of reliable and valid measures to assess shared leadership in youth sport’. This …

Groningen as the Dutch Silicon Valley? Too good to be true? Of all jobs in the city, about seven and a half percent are in the IT sector. According to het Financieel Dagblad (2018), IT giants as IBM and Google, but also smaller IT companies and start-ups attract recent graduates, which works wonderfully …

: To have sustainable societies, we need to accelerate the energy transition towards clean energy solutions, however, awareness and understanding of the process is still limited, especially among young people. In addition, the topic has mainly been approached from an engineering angle, ignoring the social …

Active participation in physical activity (PA) is beneficial for teenagers’ physical and mental development [1]. Moreover, it can also prevent childhood obesity and cardiovascular diseases [2]. However, extensive studies have shown that most adolescents (12-15 years) tend to drop out from regular PA …

A key concept within 21st-century skills is knowing how to acquire new knowledge and skills. Metacognition is the knowledge a person has of their own learning combined with the skills to apply that knowledge to enable more efficient and effective learning. Game-based learning can stimulate motivation …