Smallholders, who cultivate ±30% of the global palm oil land, are critical to the realization of a sustainable palm oil sector. However, particularly independent smallholders, untied to mills, lag behind in yields and experience challenges to market their produce. Sustainability certification, such as …

This paper focuses on the criticism that tribunals such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)2, by virtue of their reliance on customary law and other methods of determining existing norms, appear to violate the …

This chapter takes the starting point that the power to deter consists of three components: (physical) capacities, concepts (strategy, plans, decision-making procedures) and will (moral, determination, audacity). In case one of these components is underdeveloped or not in place, (coercive) power fails. …

The following research aims to determine feasible and effective recommendations on how to improve the United Nations zero-tolerance policy with respect to sexual exploitation and abuse by UN personnel. The UN has pursued a zero-tolerance policy since 2003, which means that any sexual contact between …

The practices of urban agriculture that are conducted by women urban farmer groups have positive impact on social and environmental aspects. The social impacts from the activity of urban agriculture can be identified from the groups’ structure and rule, legality, type of activity & motive, and network. …

Inspired by the recent terrorist attacks in Europe and France, this paper focuses on the consequences of the suspension of the full enjoyment of citizens’ rights and freedoms, as well as the administration of justice in a state of emergency. The research question is: What are the dangers for France when …

The purpose of this dissertation is to determine and evaluate the economic consequences of a hypothetical independence for Catalonia. The desk research was conducted among all the chapters of the dissertation in order to give background of the topic, as well as, to determine these economic consequences. …

An inventarisation of the purchase posibilities for tropical community timber from Southern-West Cameroen added with a system that makes and proves legality in compliance with the euro standards.

As the author puts it, drone strikes have become the icon of the western post-modern style of warfare and they have been the subject of an ongoing debate. Paying due attention to the risk of drone warfare, moral disengagement and questionable legality included, as well as practicalities of the use of …