This paper describes the work done to track the supply chains of sur-veillance technologies from the global North to African governments for illegal surveillance of their citizens. We conducted desk research to analyse the supply side of surveillance technology exported to African countries. Our preliminary …

Today, our environment and the objects therein are equipped with an increasing number of devices such as cameras, sensors, and actuators, which all together produce a huge amount of data. Furthermore, we observe that citizens generate data via social media applications running on their personal devices. …

The Lisbon Treaty stipulates that the European Union's and the Member States' actions should be guided by the principles that inspired its creation. These principles are democracy, the rule of law, human rights. However, influence from outside forces can affect the European Union's unity, and leave Member …

More than ten years ago, the European Union established the EU Counter Terrorism Strategy. The aim of the strategy was to ‘’combat terrorism globally while respecting human rights, and make Europe safer, allowing its citizens to live in an area of freedom, security and justice’’ (Council of the European …

This article discusses, from the local professional perspective, access to justice for person-specific interventions to prevent or counter (violent) extremism in Europe. Using a Dutch case study it focusses on legal protection for hand-tailored interferences that are part of a wider-ranging counter-terrorism …

The aim of this paper is to reflect on Russian-OSCE relations and how this has changed from Russia's constructive engagement to gradual disillusionment. The history of Russia’s engagement in the OSCE is traced back to the founding of the organisation in 1975, while there is particular focus on the Yeltsin …

The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the position of Bulgaria regarding the right to asylum for refugees and protection seekers at its Southern border. In addition, the aim of the research is to outline better policy alternatives on national and European level to readdress the issue and …

Nowadays, the Rule of Law is seen as more and more important for international relations. The concept of the Rule of Law means that ordinary citizens and those who govern should obey the law. It means that the society is ruled by law and not by men. Several main principles are identified, namely government …

This research paper concerns itself with the technical and political obstacles of securing the EU cyber space against espionage and surveillance both amongst the member states and particularly those emerging from foreign powers. The scope of the research is limited to signals intelligence (SIGINT) related …

Since its founding in 1948, North Korea has consistently been connected to committing crimes against humanity. The non-interventionist policies that were prevalent throughout the Cold War protected it from outside intervention. Indeed, any country could do as they pleased within its borders as state-sovereignty …