Samenvatting

The main aim of this dissertation is to find answer to the central question of this thesis: What are the most effective measures to counter the spread of virtual Jihadism in the Netherlands? In order to investigate and give answer to the research question, research has been done by analysing existing scientific literature, written by experienced experts knowledge.
Jihadists use the Internet in artistic and innovational ways, often leaving experts and policy creators behind underdeveloped. The most actual threat are jihadist groups who use the interactive nature of the Internet for propaganda and recruitment to influence other potential jihadists, among which brainwashing, indoctrination and socialising those who seek out the jihadist ideology. Therefore, the results of this research defines the Internet as a facilitation tool for a large part of the radicalization process of jihadists. On the basis of the substantial threat in the Netherlands, an Action Program has been established with counter measures that combat virtual Jihadism. The most effective counter measures that have been taken are: criminal prosecution, countering radicalization and combating terrorism financing. So far 52 passport measures have been taken, 29 assets have been frozen and at least 115 investigations are held on at least 135 suspects. Also, debates and dialogue activities have provided a counterbalance to jihadist propaganda.
At the same time the Action Program includes a countermeasure which has disadvantages for the relationship between the government and the private sector. As an important countermeasure is the voluntary code of conduct for the private sector, where request of content removal by the states should be honoured. Removing content that is placed on privately owned platforms is complicated since such platforms rely on user-generated content and already have their own legal jurisdictions.
It is recommended that states should exercise their power to bring various parties together by organizing events that will allow these organizations to meet each other and to join forces. In essence, a platform is needed that brings the representatives together to discuss the concerns, to establish communications channels and to develop actions. In particular, states should form close relationships with private sector companies such as Facebook, Twitter and Google. The communication between these parties is necessary, because private sector companies have an interest in protecting free speech and individual freedom. Therefore, it is important that states should set up channels of communication with the private sector and not play their own judge. Furthermore, counter jihadist information should be as suitable, tempting and impressive as jihadist messaging. The ultimate goal to counter virtual Jihadism is to take away the enchantment and temptation from extremist messaging.